#Constants H0=72.0 #km/s/Mpc c = 3*10^5 #km/s #Hubble's law Hubble=function(z,Omegam) H0*sqrt(Omegam*(1+z)^3+(1.0-Omegam)) #H^(-1) Hinv=function(zint,Omegam) 1.0/Hubble(zint,Omegam) #Luminosity distance dL=function(z,Omegami){ dLsol=z for (i in (1:length(z))){ zarg=z[i] I=integrate(Hinv,0.0,zarg,Omegam=Omegami) dLsol[i] = c*(1+zarg)*I$value } return(dLsol) }