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tor-hidden-service.wml

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#include "head.wmi" TITLE="Tor Project: Hidden Service Configuration Instructions" CHARSET="UTF-8"
<div id="content" class="clearfix">
  <div id="breadcrumbs">
    <a href="<page home>">Home &raquo; </a>
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    <a href="<page docs/tor-hidden-service>">Tor Hidden Service</a>
  </div>
  <div id="maincol">
    <h1>Configuring Hidden Services for <a href="<page home>">Tor</a></h1>
    <hr />
    
    <p>Tor allows clients and relays to offer hidden services. That is,
    you can offer a web server, SSH server, etc., without revealing your
    IP address to its users. In fact, because you don't use any public address,
    you can run a hidden service from behind your firewall.
    </p>
    
    <p>If you have Tor installed, you can see hidden services
    in action by visiting <a href="http://duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/">our
    example hidden service</a>.
    </p>
    
    <p>This howto describes the steps for setting up your own hidden service
    website. For the technical details of how the hidden service protocol
    works, see our <a href="<page docs/hidden-services>">hidden service protocol</a> page.
    </p>
    
    <hr />
    <a id="zero"></a>
    <h2><a class="anchor" href="#zero">Step Zero: Get Tor working</a></h2>
    <br />
    
    <p>Before you start, you need to make sure:</p>
    <ol>
    <li>Tor is up and running,</li>
    <li>You actually set it up correctly.</li>
    </ol>
    
    
    <p>Windows users should follow the <a
    href="<page docs/tor-doc-windows>">Windows
    howto</a>, OS X users should follow the <a
    href="<page docs/tor-doc-osx>">OS
    X howto</a>, and Linux/BSD/Unix users should follow the <a
    href="<page docs/tor-doc-unix>">Unix howto</a>.
    </p>
    
    <p>Once you've got Tor installed and configured,
    you can see hidden services in action by following this link to <a
    href="http://duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/">our example hidden service</a>
    or the <a
    href="http://gaddbiwdftapglkq.onion/">Wikileaks hidden service</a>.
    It will typically take 10-60 seconds to load
    (or to decide that it is currently unreachable). If it fails
    immediately and your browser pops up an alert saying that
    "www.duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion could not be found, please check the name and
    try again" then you haven't configured Tor correctly; see <a
    href="https://wiki.torproject.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#ItDoesntWork">the
    it-doesn't-work FAQ entry</a> for some help.
    </p>
    
    <hr />
    <a id="one"></a>
    <h2><a class="anchor" href="#one">Step One: Install a web server locally</a></h2>
    <br />
    
    <p>First, you need to set up a web server locally. Setting up a web
    server can be tricky,
    so we're just going to go over a few basics here. If you get stuck
    or want to do more, find a friend who can help you. We recommend you
    install a new separate web server for your hidden service, since even
    if you already have one installed, you may be using it (or want to use
    it later) for an actual website.
    </p>
    
    <p>If you're on Unix or OS X and you're comfortable with
    the command-line, by far the best way to go is to install <a
    href="http://www.acme.com/software/thttpd/">thttpd</a>. Just grab the
    latest tarball, untar it (it will create its own directory), and run
    <kbd>./configure &amp;&amp; make</kbd>. Then <kbd>mkdir hidserv; cd
    hidserv</kbd>, and run
    <kbd>../thttpd -p 5222 -h localhost</kbd>. It will give you back your prompt,
    and now you're running a webserver on port 5222. You can put files to
    serve in the hidserv directory.
    </p>
    
    <p>If you're on Windows, you might pick <a
    href="http://savant.sourceforge.net/">Savant</a> or <a
    href="http://httpd.apache.org/">Apache</a>, and be sure to configure it
    to bind only to localhost. You should also figure out what port you're
    listening on, because you'll use it below.
    </p>
    
    <p>(The reason we bind the web server only to localhost is to make
    sure it isn't publically accessible. If people could get to it directly,
    they could confirm that your computer is the one offering the hidden
    service.)
    </p>
    
    <p>Once you've got your web server set up, make sure it works: open your
    browser and go to <a
    href="http://localhost:5222/">http://localhost:5222/</a>, where 5222 is
    the port that you picked above. Then try putting a file in the main html
    directory, and make sure it shows up when you access the site.
    </p>
    
    <hr />
    <a id="two"></a>
    <h2><a class="anchor" href="#two">Step Two: Configure your hidden service</a></h2>
    <br />
    
    <p>Next, you need to configure your hidden service to point to your
    local web server.
    </p>
    
    <p>First, open your torrc file in your favorite text editor. (See <a
    href="https://wiki.torproject.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#torrc">the
    torrc FAQ entry</a> to learn what this means.) Go to the middle section and
    look for the line</p>
    
    <pre>
    \############### This section is just for location-hidden services ###
    </pre>
    
    <p>
    This section of the file consists of groups of lines, each representing
    one hidden service. Right now they are all commented out (the lines
    start with #), so hidden services are disabled. Each group of lines
    consists of one <var>HiddenServiceDir</var> line, and one or more
    <var>HiddenServicePort</var> lines:</p>
    <ul>
    <li><var>HiddenServiceDir</var> is a directory where Tor will store information
    about that hidden service.  In particular, Tor will create a file here named
    <var>hostname</var> which will tell you the onion URL.  You don't need to
    add any files to this directory. Make sure this is not the same directory
    as the hidserv directory you created when setting up thttpd, as your
    HiddenServiceDir contains secret information!</li>
    <li><var>HiddenServicePort</var> lets you specify a virtual port (that is, what
    port people accessing the hidden service will think they're using) and an
    IP address and port for redirecting connections to this virtual port.</li>
    </ul>
    
    <p>Add the following lines to your torrc:
    </p>
    
    <pre>
    HiddenServiceDir /Library/Tor/var/lib/tor/hidden_service/
    HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:5222
    </pre>
    
    <p>You're going to want to change the <var>HiddenServiceDir</var> line, so it points
    to an actual directory that is readable/writeable by the user that will
    be running Tor. The above line should work if you're using the OS X Tor
    package. On Unix, try "/home/username/hidden_service/" and fill in your own
    username in place of "username". On Windows you might pick:</p>
    <pre>
    HiddenServiceDir C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data\hidden_service\\
    HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:5222
    </pre>
    
    <p>Now save the torrc, shut down
    your Tor, and then start it again.
    </p>
    
    <p>If Tor starts up again, great. Otherwise, something is wrong. First look at
    your logfiles for hints. It will print some warnings or error messages. That
    should give you an idea what went wrong. Typically there are typos in the torrc
    or wrong directory permissions (See <a
    href="https://wiki.torproject.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#Logs">the
    logging FAQ entry</a> if you don't know how to enable or find your
    log file.)
    </p>
    
    <p>When Tor starts, it will automatically create the <var>HiddenServiceDir</var>
    that you specified (if necessary), and it will create two files there.</p>
    
    <dl>
    <dt><var>private_key</var></dt>
    <dd>First, Tor will generate a new public/private keypair for your hidden
    service. It is written into a file called "private_key". Don't share this key
    with others -- if you do they will be able to impersonate your hidden
    service.</dd>
    <dt><var>hostname</var></dt>
    <dd>The other file Tor will create is called "hostname". This contains
    a short summary of your public key -- it will look something like
    <tt>duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion</tt>. This is the public name for your service,
    and you can tell it to people, publish it on websites, put it on business
    cards, etc.</dd>
    </dl>
    
    <p>If Tor runs as a different user than you, for example on
    OS X, Debian, or Red Hat, then you may need to become root to be able
    to view these files.</p>
    
    <p>Now that you've restarted Tor, it is busy picking introduction points
    in the Tor network, and generating a <em>hidden service
    descriptor</em>. This is a signed list of introduction points along with
    the service's full public key. It anonymously publishes this descriptor
    to the directory servers, and other people anonymously fetch it from the
    directory servers when they're trying to access your service.
    </p>
    
    <p>Try it now: paste the contents of the hostname file into your web
    browser. If it works, you'll get the html page you set up in step one.
    If it doesn't work, look in your logs for some hints, and keep playing
    with it until it works.
    </p>
    
    <hr />
    <a id="three"></a>
    <h2><a class="anchor" href="#three">Step Three: More advanced tips</a></h2>
    <br />
    
    <p>If you plan to keep your service available for a long time, you might
    want to make a backup copy of the <var>private_key</var> file somewhere.
    </p>
    
    <p>We avoided recommending Apache above, a) because many people might
    already be running it for a public web server on their computer, and b)
    because it's big
    and has lots of places where it might reveal your IP address or other
    identifying information, for example in 404 pages. For people who need
    more functionality, though, Apache may be the right answer. Can
    somebody make us a checklist of ways to lock down your Apache when you're
    using it as a hidden service? Savant probably has these problems too.
    </p>
    
    <p>If you want to forward multiple virtual ports for a single hidden
    service, just add more <var>HiddenServicePort</var> lines.
    If you want to run multiple hidden services from the same Tor
    client, just add another <var>HiddenServiceDir</var> line. All the following
    <var>HiddenServicePort</var> lines refer to this <var>HiddenServiceDir</var> line, until
    you add another <var>HiddenServiceDir</var> line:
    </p>
    
    <pre>
    HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_service/
    HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:8080
    
    HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/other_hidden_service/
    HiddenServicePort 6667 127.0.0.1:6667
    HiddenServicePort 22 127.0.0.1:22
    </pre>
    
    <p>There are some anonymity issues you should keep in mind too:
    </p>
    <ul>
    <li>As mentioned above, be careful of letting your web server reveal
    identifying information about you, your computer, or your location.
    For example, readers can probably determine whether it's thttpd or
    Apache, and learn something about your operating system.</li>
    <li>If your computer isn't online all the time, your hidden service
    won't be either. This leaks information to an observant adversary.</li>
    
    </ul>
    
    <hr />
    
    <p>If you have suggestions for improving this document, please <a
    href="<page about/contact>">send them to us</a>. Thanks!</p>
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