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faq-abuse.wml

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#include "head.wmi" TITLE="Abuse FAQ for Relay Operators"

<h2>Abuse FAQ for Tor Relay Operators</h2>
<hr />

<a id="WhatAboutCriminals"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#WhatAboutCriminals">Doesn't Tor enable criminals to do bad things?</a></h3>

<p>Criminals can already do bad things. Since they're willing to
break laws, they already have lots of options available that provide
<em>better</em> privacy than Tor provides. They can steal cell phones,
use them, and throw them in a ditch; they can crack into computers
in Korea or Brazil and use them to launch abusive activities; they
can use spyware, viruses, and other techniques to take control of
literally millions of Windows machines around the world. </p>

<p>Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow
the law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix that. </p>

<p>Some advocates of anonymity explain that it's just a tradeoff &mdash;
accepting the bad uses for the good ones &mdash; but there's more to it
than that.
Criminals and other bad people have the motivation to learn how to
get good anonymity, and many have the motivation to pay well to achieve
it. Being able to steal and reuse the identities of innocent victims
(identify theft) makes it even easier. Normal people, on the other hand,
don't have the time or money to spend figuring out how to get
privacy online. This is the worst of all possible worlds. </p>

<p>So yes, criminals could in theory use Tor, but they already have
better options, and it seems unlikely that taking Tor away from the
world will stop them from doing their bad things. At the same time, Tor
and other privacy measures can <em>fight</em> identity theft, physical
crimes like stalking, and so on. </p>

<a id="DDoS"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#DDoS">What about distributed denial of service attacks?</a></h3>

<p>Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks typically rely on having a group
of thousands of computers all sending floods of traffic to a victim. Since
the goal is to overpower the bandwidth of the victim, they typically send
UDP packets since those don't require handshakes or coordination. </p>

<p>But because Tor only transports correctly formed TCP streams, not
all IP packets, you cannot send UDP packets over Tor. (You can't do
specialized forms of this attack like SYN flooding either.) So ordinary
DDoS attacks are not possible over Tor. Tor also doesn't allow bandwidth
amplification attacks against external sites: you need to send in a byte
for every byte that the Tor network will send to your destination. So
in general, attackers who control enough bandwidth to launch an effective
DDoS attack can do it just fine without Tor. </p>

<a id="WhatAboutSpammers"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#WhatAboutSpammers">What about spammers?</a></h3>

<p>First of all, the default Tor exit policy rejects all outgoing
port 25 (SMTP) traffic. So sending spam mail through Tor isn't going to
work by default. It's possible that some relay operators will enable
port 25 on their particular exit node, in which case that computer will
allow outgoing mails; but that individual could just set up an open mail
relay too, independent of Tor. In short, Tor isn't useful for spamming,
because nearly all Tor relays refuse to deliver the mail. </p>

<p>Of course, it's not all about delivering the mail. Spammers can use
Tor to connect to open HTTP proxies (and from there to SMTP servers); to
connect to badly written mail-sending CGI scripts; and to control their
botnets &mdash; that is, to covertly communicate with armies of
compromised computers that deliver the spam.
</p>

<p>
This is a shame, but notice that spammers are already doing great
without Tor. Also, remember that many of their more subtle communication
mechanisms (like spoofed UDP packets) can't be used over Tor, because
it only transports correctly-formed TCP connections.
</p>

<a id="ExitPolicies"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#ExitPolicies">How do Tor exit policies work?</a></h3>

<p>Each Tor relay has an exit policy that specifies what sort of
outbound connections are allowed or refused from that relay. The exit
policies are propagated to the client via the directory, so clients
will automatically avoid picking exit nodes that would refuse to exit
to their intended destination. </p>

<p>This way each relay can decide the services, hosts, and networks
he wants to allow connections to, based on abuse potential and his own
situation. </p>

<a id="HowMuchAbuse"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#HowMuchAbuse">Does Tor get much abuse?</a></h3>

<p>Not much, in the grand scheme of things. We've been running the network
since October 2003, and it's only generated a handful of complaints. Of
course, like all privacy-oriented networks on the net, we attract our
share of jerks. Tor's exit policies help separate the role of "willing
to donate resources to the network" from the role of "willing to deal
with exit abuse complaints," so we hope our network is more sustainable
than past attempts at anonymity networks. </p>

<p>Since Tor has
<a href="<page overview>">many good uses as
well</a>, we feel that we're doing pretty well at striking a balance
currently. </p>

<a id="TypicalAbuses"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#TypicalAbuses">So what should I expect if I run a relay?</a></h3>

<p>If you run a Tor relay that allows exit connections (such as the
default exit policy), it's probably safe to say that you will eventually
hear from somebody. Abuse
complaints may come in a variety of forms. For example: </p>
<ul>
<li>Somebody connects to Hotmail, and sends a ransom note to a
company. The
FBI sends you a polite email, you explain that you run a Tor relay,
and they say "oh well" and leave you alone. [Port 80]</li>
<li>Somebody tries to get you shut down by using Tor to connect to Google
groups and post spam to Usenet, and then sends an angry mail to
your ISP about how you're destroying the world. [Port 80]</li>
<li>Somebody connects to an IRC network and makes a nuisance of
himself. Your ISP gets polite mail about how your computer has been
compromised; and/or your computer gets DDoSed. [Port 6667]</li>
<li>Somebody uses Tor to download a Vin Diesel movie, and
your ISP gets a DMCA takedown notice. See EFF's
<a href="<page eff/tor-dmca-response>">Tor DMCA Response
Template</a>, which explains why your ISP can probably ignore
the notice without any liability. [Arbitrary ports]</li>
</ul>

<p>You might also find that your Tor relay's IP is blocked from accessing
some Internet sites/services. This might happen regardless of your exit
policy, because some groups don't seem to know or care that Tor has
exit policies. (If you have a spare IP not used for other activities,
you might consider running your Tor relay on it.) For example, </p>

<ul>
<li>Because of a few cases of anonymous jerks messing with its web
pages, Wikipedia is currently blocking many Tor relay IPs from writing
(reading still works). We're talking to Wikipedia about how they might
control abuse while still providing access to anonymous contributors,
who often have hot news or inside info on a topic but don't want to risk
revealing their identities when publishing it (or don't want to reveal
to local observers that they're accessing Wikipedia). Slashdot is also
in the same boat.</li>

<li>SORBS is putting some Tor relay IPs on their email
blacklist as well. They do this because they passively detect whether your
relay connects to certain IRC networks, and they conclude from this that
your relay is capable of spamming. We tried to work with
them to teach them that not all software works this way,
but we have given up. We recommend you avoid them, and <a
href="http://paulgraham.com/spamhausblacklist.html">teach your friends
(if they use them) to avoid abusive blacklists too</a>.</li>

</ul>

<a id="IrcBans"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#IrcBans">Tor is banned from the IRC network I want to use.</a></h3>

<p>Sometimes jerks make use of Tor to troll IRC channels. This abuse
results in IP-specific temporary bans ("klines" in IRC lingo), as the
network operators try to keep the troll off of their network. </p>

<p>This response underscores a fundamental flaw in IRC's security model:
they assume that IP addresses equate to humans, and by banning the
IP address they can ban the human. In reality this is not the case &mdash;
many such trolls routinely make use of the literally millions of open
proxies and compromised computers around the Internet. The IRC networks
are fighting a losing battle of trying to block all these nodes,
and an entire cottage industry of blacklists and counter-trolls has
sprung up based on this flawed security model (not unlike the antivirus
industry). The Tor network is just a drop in the bucket here. </p>

<p>On the other hand, from the viewpoint of IRC server operators, security
is not an all-or-nothing thing.  By responding quickly to trolls or
any other social attack, it may be possible to make the attack scenario
less attractive to the attacker.  And most individual IP addresses do
equate to individual humans, on any given IRC network at any given time.
The exceptions include NAT gateways which may be allocated access as
special cases. While it's a losing battle to try to stop the use of open
proxies, it's not generally a losing battle to keep klining a single
ill-behaved IRC user until that user gets bored and goes away. </p>

<p>But the real answer is to implement application-level auth systems,
to let in well-behaving users and keep out badly-behaving users. This
needs to be based on some property of the human (such as a password he
knows), not some property of the way his packets are transported. </p>

<p>Of course, not all IRC networks are trying to ban Tor nodes. After
all, quite a few people use Tor to IRC in privacy in order to carry
on legitimate communications without tying them to their real-world
identity. Each IRC network needs to decide for itself if blocking a few
more of the millions of IPs that bad people can use is worth losing the
contributions from the well-behaved Tor users. </p>

<p>If you're being blocked, have a discussion with the network operators
and explain the issues to them. They may not be aware of the existence of
Tor at all, or they may not be aware that the hostnames they're klining
are Tor exit nodes.  If you explain the problem, and they conclude that
Tor ought to be blocked, you may want to consider moving to a network that
is more open to free speech.  Maybe inviting them to #tor on irc.oftc.net
will help show them that we are not all evil people. </p>

<p>Finally, if you become aware of an IRC network that seems to be
blocking Tor, or a single Tor exit node, please put that information on <a
href="http://wiki.noreply.org/wiki/TheOnionRouter/BlockingIrc">The Tor
IRC block tracker</a>
so that others can share.  At least one IRC network consults that page
to unblock exit nodes that have been blocked inadvertently. </p>

<a id="SMTPBans"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#SMTPBans">Your nodes are banned from the mail server I want to use.</a></h3>

<p>Even though <a href="#WhatAboutSpammers">Tor isn't useful for
spamming</a>, some over-zealous blacklisters seem to think that all
open networks like Tor are evil &mdash; they attempt to strong-arm network
administrators on policy, service, and routing issues, and then extract
ransoms from victims. </p>

<p>If your server administrators decide to make use of these
blacklists to refuse incoming mail, you should have a conversation with
them and explain about Tor and Tor's exit policies. </p>

<a id="Bans"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#Bans">I want to ban the Tor network from my service.</a></h3>

<p>We're sorry to hear that. There are some situations where it makes
sense to block anonymous users for an Internet service. But in many
cases, there are easier solutions that can solve your problem while
still allowing users to access your website securely.</p>

<p>First, ask yourself if there's a way to do application-level decisions
to separate the legitimate users from the jerks. For example, you might
have certain areas of the site, or certain privileges like posting,
available only to people who are registered. It's easy to build an
up-to-date list of Tor IP addresses that allow connections to your
service, so you could set up this distinction only for Tor users. This
way you can have multi-tiered access and not have to ban every aspect
of your service. </p>

<p>For example, the <a
href="http://freenode.net/policy.shtml#tor">Freenode IRC network</a>
had a problem with a coordinated group of abusers joining channels and
subtly taking over the conversation; but when they labelled all users
coming from Tor nodes as "anonymous users," removing the ability of the
abusers to blend in, the abusers moved back to using their open proxies
and bot networks. </p>

<p>Second, consider that hundreds of thousands of
people use Tor every day simply for
good data hygiene &mdash; for example, to protect against data-gathering
advertising companies while going about their normal activities. Others
use Tor because it's their only way to get past restrictive local
firewalls. Some Tor users may be legitimately connecting
to your service right now to carry on normal activities. You need to
decide whether banning the Tor network is worth losing the contributions
of these users, as well as potential future legitimate users. (Often
people don't have a good measure of how many polite Tor users are
connecting to their service &mdash; you never notice them until there's
an impolite one.)</p>

<p>At this point, you should also ask yourself what you do about other
services that aggregate many users behind a few IP addresses. Tor is
not so different from AOL in this respect.</p>

<p>Lastly, please remember that Tor relays have <a
href="#ExitPolicies">individual exit policies</a>. Many Tor relays do
not allow exiting connections at all. Many of those that do allow some
exit connections might already disallow connections to
your service. When you go about banning nodes, you should parse the
exit policies and only block the ones that allow these connections;
and you should keep in mind that exit policies can change (as well as
the overall list of nodes in the network).</p>

<p>If you really want to do this, we provide a
<a href="<svnsandbox>contrib/exitlist">Python script to parse the Tor
directory</a>. Note that this script won't give you a perfect list
of IP addresses that might connect to you using Tor, since some Tor
relays might exit from other addresses than the one they publish.
For a more accurate approach (with perhaps an easier interface for
you), consider the <a href="http://exitlist.torproject.org/">TorDNSEL
service</a>.
</p>

<p>
(Some system administrators block ranges of IP addresses because of
official policy or some abuse pattern, but some have also asked about
whitelisting Tor exit relays because they want to permit access to their
systems using Tor. These scripts are usable for whitelisting as well.)
</p>

<a id="TracingUsers"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#TracingUsers">I have a compelling reason to trace a Tor user. Can you help?</a></h3>

<p>
There is nothing the Tor developers can do to trace Tor users. The same
protections that keep bad people from breaking Tor's anonymity also
prevent us from figuring out what's going on.
</p>

<p>
Some fans have suggested that we redesign Tor to include a <a
href="http://wiki.noreply.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ#Backdoor">backdoor</a>.
There are two problems with this idea. First, it technically weakens the
system too far. Having a central way to link users to their activities
is a gaping hole for all sorts of attackers; and the policy mechanisms
needed to ensure correct handling of this responsibility are enormous
and unsolved. Second, the bad people <a href="#WhatAboutCriminals">aren't
going to get caught by this anyway</a>, since they will use other means
to ensure their anonymity (identity theft, compromising computers and
using them as bounce points, etc).
</p>

<p>
But remember that this doesn't mean that Tor is invulnerable. Traditional
police techniques can still be very effective against Tor, such as
interviewing suspects, surveillance and keyboard taps, writing style
analysis, sting operations, and other physical investigations.
</p>

<a id="LegalQuestions"></a>
<h3><a class="anchor" href="#LegalQuestions">I have legal questions about Tor abuse.</a></h3>

<p>We're only the developers. We can answer technical questions, but
we're not the ones to talk to about legal questions or concerns. </p>

<p>Please take a look at the
<a href="<page eff/tor-legal-faq>">Tor Legal FAQ</a>,
and contact EFF directly if you have any further legal questions. </p>

</div>

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