updated eff tor legal faq (7f14f3455) - tor-webwml.git

@@ -10,99 +10,108 @@
 <h2>The Legal FAQ for Tor Relay Operators.</h2>
 <hr>
 
-<p>FAQ written by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (<a
-href="https://www.eff.org">EFF</a>). Last updated August 24, 2011.</p>
-<p>NOTE: This FAQ is for informational purposes only and does not
+<p><strong>FAQ written by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Last
+updated April 21, 2014.</strong></p>
+
+<p><em>NOTE: This FAQ is for informational purposes only and does not
 constitute legal advice. Our aim is to provide a general description of
 the legal issues surrounding Tor in the United States. Different factual
 situations and different legal jurisdictions will result in different
 answers to a number of questions. Therefore, please do not act on this
-information alone; if you have any specific legal problems, issues, or
-questions, seek a complete review of your situation with a lawyer
-licensed to practice in your jurisdiction.</p>
-<p>Also, if you received this document from anywhere besides the EFF web
-site or <a
+information alone; if you have any specific legal problems, issues,
+or questions, seek a complete review of your situation with a lawyer
+licensed to practice in your jurisdiction.</em></p>
+
+<p>Also, if you received this
+document from anywhere besides the EFF web site or <a
 href="<page eff/tor-legal-faq>">https://www.torproject.org/eff/tor-legal-faq.html</a>,
 it may be out of date. Follow the link to get the latest version.</p>
-<p>Got a DMCA notice? Check out our <a
-href="<page eff/tor-dmca-response>">sample response
-letter!</a></p>
+
+<p>Got a DMCA notice? Check out our <a href="<page
+eff/tor-dmca-response>">sample response letter</a>!</p>
+
 <h2>General Information</h2>
-<p><b>Has anyone ever been sued or prosecuted for running Tor?</b></p>
-
-<p><b>No</b>, we aren’t aware of anyone being sued or prosecuted in the
-United States for running a Tor relay.  Further, we believe that running
-a Tor relay &#8212; including an exit relay that allows people to
-anonymously send and receive traffic &#8212; is lawful under U.S.
-law.</p>
-<p><b>Should I use Tor or encourage the use of Tor for illegal
-purposes?</b></p>
+
+<h3>Has anyone ever been sued or prosecuted for running Tor?</h3>
+
+<p><b>No</b>, we aren't aware of anyone being sued or prosecuted in the
+United States just for running a Tor relay. Further, we believe that
+running a Tor relay &mdash; including an exit relay that allows people to
+anonymously send and receive traffic &mdash; is legal under U.S. law.</p>
+
+<h3>Should I use Tor or encourage the use of Tor for illegal purposes?</h3>
+
 <p><b>No.</b> Tor has been developed to be a tool for free expression,
 privacy, and human rights. It is not a tool designed or intended to be
 used to break the law, either by Tor users or Tor relay operators.</p>
-<p><b>Can EFF promise that I won't get in trouble for running a Tor
-relay?</b></p>
+
+<h3>Can EFF promise that I won't get in trouble for running a Tor
+relay?</h3>
+
 <p><b>No.</b> All new technologies create legal uncertainties, and Tor
-is no exception. Presently, no court has ever considered any case
-involving the Tor technology, and we therefore cannot guarantee that you
-will never face any legal liability as a result of running a Tor relay.
-However, EFF believes so strongly that those running Tor relays
-shouldn't be liable for traffic that passes through the relay that we're
-running our own middle relay. </p>
-
-<p><b>Will EFF represent me if I get in trouble for running a Tor
-relay?</b></p>
-<p><b>Maybe.</b> While EFF cannot promise legal representation for all
-Tor relay operators, it will assist relay operators in assessing the
-situation and will try to locate qualified legal counsel when necessary.
-Inquiries to EFF for the purpose of securing legal representation or
-referrals should be directed to our intake coordinator (<a
-href="mailto:info@eff.org">info@eff.org</a> or US +1 (415) 436-9333).
-Such inquiries will be kept confidential subject to the limits of the
-attorney/client privilege. Note that although EFF cannot practice law
-outside of the United States, it will still try to assist non-U.S. relay
-operators in finding local representation.</p>
-<p><b>Should I contact the Tor developers when I have legal questions
+is no exception. We cannot guarantee that you will never face any legal
+liability as a result of running a Tor relay. However, EFF believes so
+strongly that those running Tor relays shouldn't be liable for traffic
+that passes through the relay that we're running our own middle relay.</p>
+
+<h3>Will EFF represent me if I get in trouble for running a Tor relay?</h3>
+
+<p><b>Maybe.</b> While EFF cannot promise legal representation for all Tor
+relay operators, it will assist relay operators in assessing the situation
+and will try to locate qualified legal counsel when necessary. Inquiries
+to EFF for the purpose of securing legal representation or referrals
+should be directed to our intake coordinator by sending an email to <a
+href="mailto:info@eff.org">info@eff.org</a> . Such inquiries will be kept
+confidential subject to the limits of the attorney/client privilege. Note
+that although EFF cannot practice law outside of the United States,
+it will still try to assist non-U.S. relay operators in finding local
+representation.</p>
+
+<h3>Should I contact the Tor developers when I have legal questions
 about Tor or to inform them if I suspect Tor is being used for illegal
-purposes?</b></p>
+purposes?</h3>
+
 <p><b>No.</b> Tor's developers are available to answer technical
 questions, but they are not lawyers and cannot give legal advice. Nor do
 they have any ability to prevent illegal activity that may occur through
-Tor relays. Furthermore, your communications with Tor's developers are
-not protected by any legal privilege, so law enforcement or civil
-litigants could subpoena and obtain any information you give to
-them.</p>
-<p>You can contact <a href="mailto:info@eff.org">info@eff.org</a> if you
-face a specific legal issue. We will try to assist you, but given EFF's
-small size, we cannot guarantee that we can help everyone.  </p>
-
-<p><b>Do Tor's core developers make any promises about the
-trustworthiness or reliability of Tor relays that are listed in their
-directory?</b></p>
+Tor relays. Furthermore, your communications with Tor's developers
+are not protected by any legal privilege, so law enforcement or civil
+litigants could subpoena and obtain any information you give to them.</p>
+
+<p>You can contact <a href="mailto:info@eff.org">info@eff.org</a> if
+you face a specific legal issue. We will try to assist you, but given
+EFF's small size, we cannot guarantee that we can help everyone.</p>
+
+<h3>Do Tor's core developers make any promises about the trustworthiness
+or reliability of Tor relays that are listed in their directory?</h3>
+
 <p><b>No.</b> Although the developers attempt to verify that Tor relays
-listed in the directory maintained by the core developers are stable and
-have adequate bandwidth, neither they nor EFF can guarantee the personal
-trustworthiness or reliability of the individuals who run those relays.
-Tor's core developers further reserve the right to refuse a Tor relay
-operator's request to be listed in their directory or to remove any
-relay from their directory for any reason.</p>
+listed in the directory maintained by the core developers are stable
+and have adequate bandwidth, neither they nor EFF can guarantee the
+personal trustworthiness or reliability of the individuals who run those
+relays. Tor's core developers further reserve the right to refuse a Tor
+relay operator's request to be listed in their directory or to remove
+any relay from their directory for any reason.</p>
+
 <h2>Exit Relays</h2>
+
 <p>Exit relays raise special concerns because the traffic that exits
 from them can be traced back to the relay's IP address. While we believe
-that running an exit is legal, it is statistically likely that an exit
-relay will at some point be used for illegal purposes, which may attract
-the attention of private litigants or law enforcement. An exit relay may
-forward traffic that is considered unlawful, and that traffic may be
-attributed to the operator of a relay. If you are not willing to deal
-with that risk, a bridge or middle relay may be a better fit for you.
-These relays do not directly forward traffic to the Internet and so
-can't be easily mistaken for the origin of allegedly unlawful
-content.</p>
+that running an exit relay is legal, it is statistically likely that an
+exit relay will at some point be used for illegal purposes, which may
+attract the attention of private litigants or law enforcement. An exit
+relay may forward traffic that is considered unlawful, and that traffic
+may be attributed to the operator of a relay. If you are not willing to
+deal with that risk, a bridge or middle relay may be a better fit for
+you. These relays do not directly forward traffic to the Internet and so
+can't be easily mistaken for the origin of allegedly unlawful content.</p>
+
 <p>The Tor Project's blog has some excellent <a
 href="https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tips-running-exit-node-minimal-harassment">recommendations</a>
-for running an exit with as little risk as possible. We suggest that you
-review their advice before setting up an exit relay.</p>
-<p><b>Should I run an exit relay from my home?</b></p>
+for running an exit with as little risk as possible. We suggest that
+you review their advice before setting up an exit relay.</p>
+
+<h3>Should I run an exit relay from my home?</h3>
 
 <p><b>No.</b> If law enforcement becomes interested in traffic from your
 exit relay, it's possible that officers will seize your computer. For
@@ -112,26 +122,29 @@ your home Internet connection. </p>
 href="https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/GoodBadISPs">commercial
 facility</a> that is supportive of Tor. Have a separate IP address for
 your exit relay, and don't route your own traffic through it.</p>
+
 <p>Of course, you should avoid keeping any sensitive or personal
-information on the computer hosting your exit relay, and you never
-should use that machine for any illegal purpose.</p>
-<p><b>Should I tell my ISP that I'm running an exit relay?</b></p>
-<p><b>Yes.</b> Make sure you have a Tor-friendly ISP that knows you're
-running an exit relay and supports you in that goal. This will help
-ensure that your Internet access isn't cut off due to abuse complaints.
-The Tor community maintains a <a
+information on the computer hosting your exit relay, and you never should
+use that machine for any illegal purpose.</p>
+
+<h3>Should I tell my ISP that I'm running an exit relay?</h3>
+
+<p><b>Yes.</b> Make sure you have a Tor-friendly ISP that
+knows you're running an exit relay and supports you in that
+goal. This will help ensure that your Internet access isn't
+cut off due to abuse complaints. The Tor community maintains a <a
 href="https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/TheOnionRouter/GoodBadISPs">list</a>
-of ISPs that are particularly Tor-savvy, as well as ones that
-aren't.</p>
+of ISPs that are particularly Tor-savvy, as well as ones that aren't.</p>
+
+<h3>Is it a good idea to let others know that I'm running an exit relay?</h3>
 
-<p><b>Is it a good idea to let others know that I'm running an exit
-relay?</b></p>
 <p><b>Yes.</b> Be as transparent as possible about the fact that you're
-running an exit relay. If your exit traffic draws the attention of the
-government or disgruntled private party, you want them to figure out
-quickly and easily that you are part of the Tor network and not
+running an exit relay. If your exit traffic draws the attention of
+the government or disgruntled private party, you want them to figure
+out quickly and easily that you are part of the Tor network and not
 responsible for the content. This could mean the difference between
 having your computer seized by law enforcement and being left alone.</p>
+
 <p>The Tor Project <a
 href="https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tips-running-exit-node-minimal-harassment">suggests</a>
 the following ways to let others know that you're running an exit
@@ -143,77 +157,88 @@ the computer is an exit relay.</li>
 href="https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/blob_plain/HEAD:/contrib/tor-exit-notice.html">this</a>
 to explain that you're running an exit relay that's part of the Tor
 network.</li>
-
-<li>If possible, get an <a href="https://www.arin.net">ARIN</a>
+<li>If possible, get an <a href="https://www.arin.net/">ARIN</a>
 registration for your exit relay that displays contact information for
-you, not your ISP. This way, you'll receive any abuse complaints and can
-respond to them directly. Otherwise, try to ensure that your ISP
+you, not your ISP. This way, you'll receive any abuse complaints and
+can respond to them directly. Otherwise, try to ensure that your ISP
 forwards abuse complaints that it receives to you.</li>
 </ul>
-<p><b>Should I snoop on the plaintext traffic that exits through my Tor
-relay?</b></p>
+
+<h3>Should I snoop on the plaintext traffic that exits through my Tor
+relay?</h3>
+
 <p><b>No.</b> You may be technically capable of modifying the Tor source
 code or installing additional software to monitor or log plaintext that
-exits your relay. However, Tor relay operators in the United States can
-possibly create civil and even criminal liability for themselves under
-state or federal wiretap laws if they monitor, log, or disclose Tor
-users' communications, while non-U.S. operators may be subject to
-similar laws. Do not examine the contents of anyone's communications
-without first talking to a lawyer.</p>
-<p><b>If I receive a subpoena or other information request from law
-enforcement or anyone else related to my Tor relay, what should I
-do?</b></p>
+exits your relay. However, Tor relay operators in the United States
+can possibly create civil and even criminal liability for themselves
+under state or federal wiretap laws if they monitor, log, or disclose
+Tor users' communications, while non-U.S. operators may be subject
+to similar laws. Do not examine anyone's communications without first
+talking to a lawyer.</p>
+
+<h3>If I receive a subpoena or other information request from law
+enforcement or anyone else related to my Tor relay, what should I do?</h3>
+
 <p><b>Educate them about Tor.</b> In most instances, properly configured
-Tor relays will have no useful data for inquiring parties, and you
-should feel free to educate them on this point. To the extent you do
-maintain logs, however, you should not disclose them to any third party
-without first consulting a lawyer. In the United States, such a
-disclosure may violate the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and
-relay operators outside of the United States may be subject to similar
-data protection laws.</p>
+Tor relays will have no useful data for inquiring parties, and you should
+feel free to educate them on this point. To the extent you do maintain
+logs, however, you should not disclose them to any third party without
+first consulting a lawyer. In the United States, such a disclosure may
+violate the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and relay operators
+outside of the United States may be subject to similar data protection
+laws.</p>
 
 <p>You may receive legal inquiries where you are prohibited by law from
-telling anyone about the request. We believe that, at least in the
-United States, such gag orders do not prevent you from talking to a
-lawyer, including calling a lawyer to find representation. Inquiries to
-EFF for the purpose of securing legal representation should be directed
-to our intake coordinator (info at eff.org or US +1 (415) 436-9333).
-Such inquiries will be kept confidential subject to the limits of the
-attorney/client privilege.</p>
-<p>For more information about responding to abuse complaints and other
-inquiries, check out the <a
-href="<page docs/faq-abuse>">Tor Abuse
-FAQ</a> and the collection of <a
+telling anyone about the request. We believe that, at least in the United
+States, such gag orders do not prevent you from talking to a lawyer,
+including calling a lawyer to find representation. Inquiries to EFF
+for the purpose of securing legal representation should be directed to
+our intake coordinator (info at eff.org) Such inquiries will be kept
+confidential subject to the limits of the attorney/client privilege.</p>
+
+<p>For more information about responding to abuse
+complaints and other inquiries, check out the <a
+href="<page docs/faq-abuse>">Tor
+Abuse FAQ</a> and the collection of <a
 href="https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/TheOnionRouter/TorAbuseTemplates">abuse
 response templates</a> on the Tor Project’s website.</p>
-<p><b>My ISP, university, etc. just sent me a DMCA notice. What should I
-do?</b></p>
-<p>EFF has written a <a
-href="<page eff/tor-dmca-response>">short template</a> to help
-you write a response to your ISP, university, etc., to let them know
-about the details of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s safe harbor,
-and how Tor fits in. Note that template only refers to U.S.
-jurisdictions, and is intended only to address copyright complaints that
-are based on a relay of allegedly infringing material through the Tor
-node. </p>
+
+<p>For information on what to do if law enforcement
+seeks access to your digital devices, check out EFF’s <a
+href="https://www.eff.org/wp/know-your-rights">Know Your Rights</a>
+guide.</p>
+
+<h3>My ISP, university, etc. just sent me a DMCA notice. What should
+I do?</h3>
+
+<p>EFF has written a <a href="<page eff/tor-dmca-response>">short
+template</a> to help you write a response to your ISP, university, etc.,
+to let them know about the details of the Digital Millennium Copyright
+Act’s safe harbor, and how Tor fits in. Note that template only
+refers to U.S. jurisdictions, and is intended only to address copyright
+complaints that are based on a relay of allegedly infringing material
+through the Tor node.</p>
 
 <p>If you like, you should consider submitting a copy of your notice to
-<a href="https://www.chillingeffects.org">Chilling Effects</a>. This
+<a href="https://www.chillingeffects.org/">Chilling Effects</a>. This
 will help us recognize trends and issues that the lawyers might want to
 focus on. Chilling Effects encourages submissions from people outside
 the United States too.</p>
-<p>EFF believes that Tor relays are protected from copyright liability
-under the DMCA, although no court has yet addressed the issue in the
-context of Tor itself. If you are uncomfortable with this uncertainty,
-you may consider using a <a
-href="<page docs/faq>#ExitPolicies">reduced
-exit policy</a> (such as the default policy suggested by the Tor
-Project) to try to minimize traffic types that are often targeted in
-copyright complaints. </p>
-<p>If you are a Tor relay operator willing to stand up and help set a
-clear legal precedent establishing that merely running a relay does not
-create copyright liability for either operators or their bandwidth
-providers, EFF is interested in hearing from you. Read more <a
+
+<p>EFF believes that Tor relays should be protected from copyright
+liability for the acts of their users because a Tor relay operator
+can raise an immunity defense under the DMCA as well as defenses
+under copyright's secondary liability doctrines. However, no court
+has yet addressed these issues in the context of Tor itself. If
+you are uncomfortable with this uncertainty, you may consider using
+a <href="<page docs/faq>#ExitPolicies">reduced exit policy</a> (such
+as the default policy suggested by the Tor Project) to try to minimize
+traffic types that are often targeted in copyright complaints.</p>
+
+<p>If you are a Tor relay operator willing to stand up and help set
+a clear legal precedent establishing that merely running a relay
+does not create copyright liability for either operators or their
+bandwidth providers, EFF is interested in hearing from you. Read more <a
 href="https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2005-October/016301.html">here</a>
 about being EFF's test case.</p>
 
