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1) <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
2) "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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3) 
4) <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
5) <head>
6)   <title>Tor: Overview</title>
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7)   <meta name="Author" content="Roger Dingledine" />
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8)   <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
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9)   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" />
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10)   <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico" />
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11) </head>
12) 
13) <body>
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14) 
15) <!-- TITLE BAR & NAVIGATION -->
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16) 
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17) <div class="center">
18) 
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19) <table class="banner" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
20)     <tr>
21)         <td class="banner-left"></td>
22)         <td class="banner-middle">
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23)             <a href="index.html">Home</a> 
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24)           | <a href="howitworks.html">How It Works</a>
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25)           | <a href="download.html">Download</a>
26)           | <a href="documentation.html">Docs</a>
27)           | <a href="users.html">Users</a>
28)           | <a href="faq.html">FAQs</a>
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29)           | <a href="volunteer.html">Volunteer</a>
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30)           | <a href="developers.html">Developers</a>
31)           | <a href="research.html">Research</a>
32)           | <a href="people.html">People</a>
33)         </td>
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34)         <td class="banner-right">
35)                 <a href="/"><img src="/images/en.png" border="0" alt="English"></a>
36)                 <a href="/index.it.html"><img src="/images/it.png" border="0" alt="Italiano"></a>
37)                 <a href="/index.de.html"><img src="/images/de.png" border="0" alt="Deutsch"></a>
38)         </td>
39) 
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40)     </tr>
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41) </table>
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42)  
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43) <!-- END TITLE BAR & NAVIGATION -->
44) 
45) <div class="main-column">
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46) 
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47) <h2>Tor: Overview</h2>
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48) <hr />
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49) 
50) <p>
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51) Tor is a network of virtual tunnels that allows people and groups to
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52) improve their privacy and security on the Internet.  It also enables
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53) software developers to create new communication tools
54) with built-in privacy features.  Tor provides the foundation for
55) a range of applications that allow organizations and individuals
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56) to share information over public networks without compromising their
57) privacy.
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58) </p>
59) 
60) <p>
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61) Individuals can use Tor to keep remote websites from tracking them and their
62) family members.
63) They can also use it to connect
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64) to resources such as news sites or instant messaging services that are
65) blocked by their local Internet service providers (ISPs).
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66) </p>
67) 
68) <p>
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69) Groups such as Indymedia recommend Tor
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70) for safeguarding their members' online privacy and security.  Activist
71) groups like the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) are supporting
72) Tor's development as a mechanism for maintaining civil liberties online.
73) Corporations are investigating Tor as a safe way to conduct competitive
74) analysis, and are considering using Tor to test new experimental projects
75) without associating their names with these projects. A branch of the
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76) U.S. Navy uses Tor for open source intelligence gathering, and one of its
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77) teams used Tor while deployed in the Middle East recently.
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78) </p>
79) 
80) <p>
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81) The variety of people who use Tor is actually part of what makes it
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82) so secure.  Tor hides you among the other users on the network, so the more
83) populous and diverse the user base for Tor is,
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84) the more your anonymity will be protected.
85) </p>
86) 
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87) <h3>Why we need Tor</h3>
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88) 
89) <p>
90) Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance
91) known as "traffic analysis."  Traffic analysis can be used to infer
92) who is talking to whom over a public network.  Knowing the source
93) and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your
94) behavior and interests.  This can impact your checkbook if, for example,
95) an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or
96) institution of origin.  It can even threaten your job and physical safety
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97) by revealing who and where you are. For example, if you're travelling
98) abroad and you connect to your employer's computers to check or send mail,
99) you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional
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100) affiliation to anyone observing the network, even if the connection
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101) is encrypted.
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102) </p>
103) 
104) <p>
105) How does traffic analysis work?  Internet data packets have two parts:
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106) a data payload and a header used for routing.  The data payload is
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107) whatever is being sent, whether that's an email message, a web page, or an
108) audio file.  Even if you encrypt the data payload of your communications,
109) traffic analysis still reveals a great deal about what you're doing and,
110) possibly, what you're saying.  That's because it focuses on the header,
111) which discloses source, destination, size, timing, and so on.
112) </p>
113) 
114) <p>
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115) A basic problem for the privacy minded is that the recipient of your
116) communications can see that you sent it by looking at headers.  So can
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117) authorized intermediaries like Internet service providers, and sometimes
118) unauthorized intermediaries as well.  A very simple form of traffic
119) analysis might involve sitting somewhere between sender and recipient on
120) the network, looking at headers.
121) </p>
122) 
123) <p>
124) But there are also more powerful kinds of traffic analysis.  Some
125) attackers spy on multiple parts of the Internet and use sophisticated
126) statistical techniques to track the communications patterns of many
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127) different organizations and individuals.  Encryption does not help against
128) these attackers, since it only hides the content of Internet traffic, not
129) the headers.
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130) </p>
131) 
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132) <h3>The solution: a distributed, anonymous network</h3>
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133) 
134) <p>
135) Tor helps to reduce the risks of both simple and sophisticated traffic
136) analysis by distributing your transactions over several places on the
137) Internet, so no single point can link you to your destination.  The idea
138) is similar to using a twisty, hard-to-follow route in order to throw off
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139) somebody who is tailing you&mdash;and then periodically erasing your
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140) footprints.  Instead of taking a direct route from source to
141) destination, data packets on the Tor network take a random pathway
142) through several servers that cover your tracks so no observer at any
143) single point can tell where the data came from or where it's going.
144) </p>
145) 
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146) <img alt="Tor circuit step one" src="images/htw1.png" />
147) <img alt="Tor circuit step two" src="images/htw2.png" />
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148) 
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149) <p>
150) To create a private network pathway with Tor, the user's software or
151) client incrementally builds a circuit of encrypted connections through
152) servers on the network.  The circuit is extended one hop at a time, and
153) each server along the way knows only which server gave it data and which
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154) server it is giving data to.  No individual server ever knows the
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155) complete path that a data packet has taken.  The client negotiates a
156) separate set of encryption keys for each hop along the circuit to ensure
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157) that each hop can't trace these connections as they pass through.
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158) </p>
159) 
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160) <img alt="Tor circuit step three" src="images/htw3.png" />
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161) 
162) <p>
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163) Once a circuit has been established, many kinds of data can be exchanged
164) and several different sorts of software applications can be deployed
165) over the Tor network.  Because each server sees no more than one hop in
166) the circuit, neither an eavesdropper nor a compromised server can use
167) traffic analysis to link the connection's source and destination.  Tor
168) only works for TCP streams and can be used by any application with SOCKS
169) support.
170) </p>
171) 
172) <p>
173) For efficiency, the Tor software uses the same circuit for connections
174) that happen within the same minute or so.  Later requests are given a
175) new circuit, to keep people from linking your earlier actions to the new
176) ones.
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177) </p>
178) 
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179) <img alt="Tor circuit step four" src="images/htw4.png" />
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180) 
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181) <h3>Hidden services</h3>
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182) 
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183) <p>
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184) Tor also makes it possible for users to hide their locations while
185) offering various kinds of services, such as web publishing or an instant
186) messaging server.  Using Tor "rendezvous points," other Tor users can
187) connect to these hidden services, each without knowing the other's
188) network identity.  This hidden service functionality could allow Tor
189) users to set up a website where people publish material without worrying
190) about censorship.  Nobody would be able to determine who was offering
191) the site, and nobody who offered the site would know who was posting to it.
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192) </p>
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193) 
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194) <h3>Staying anonymous</h3>
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195) 
196) <p>
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197) Tor can't solve all anonymity problems.  It focuses only on
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198) protecting the transport of data.  You need to use protocol-specific
199) support software if you don't want the sites you visit to see your
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200) identifying information. For example, you can use web proxies such as
201) Privoxy while web browsing to block cookies and withhold information
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202) about your browser type.
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203) </p>
204) 
205) <p>
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206) Also, to protect your anonymity, be smart.  Don't provide your name
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207) or other revealing information in web forms.  Be aware that, like all
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208) anonymizing networks that are fast enough for web browsing, Tor does not
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209) provide protection against end-to-end timing attacks: If your attacker
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210) can watch the traffic coming out of your computer, and also the traffic
211) arriving at your chosen destination, he can use statistical analysis to
212) discover that they are part of the same circuit.
213) </p>
214) 
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215) <h3>The future of Tor</h3>
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216) 
217) <p>
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218) Providing a usable anonymizing network on the Internet today is an
219) ongoing challenge. We want software that meets users' needs. We also
220) want to keep the network up and running in a way that handles as many
221) users as possible. Security and usability don't have to be at odds:
222) As Tor's usability increases, it will attract more users, which will
223) increase the possible sources and destinations of each communication,
224) thus increasing security for everyone.
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225) We're making progress, but we need your help.  Please consider
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226) <a href="/cvs/tor/doc/tor-doc-server.html">running a server</a>
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227) or <a href="volunteer.html">volunteering</a> as a <a
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228) href="developers.html">developer</a>.
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229) </p>
230) 
231) <p>
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232) Ongoing trends in law, policy, and technology threaten anonymity as never
233) before, undermining our ability to speak and read freely online. These
234) trends also undermine national security and critical infrastructure by
235) making communication among individuals, organizations, corporations,
236) and governments more vulnerable to analysis. Each new user and server
237) provides additional diversity, enhancing Tor's ability to put control
238) over your security and privacy back into your hands.
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239) </p>
240) 
241)   </div><!-- #main -->
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242) </div>
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243)   <div class="bottom" id="bottom">
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244)      <i><a href="mailto:tor-webmaster@freehaven.net" class="smalllink">Webmaster</a></i> -
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245)      $Id$
246)   </div>