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5) #include "head.wmi" TITLE="Tor Project: Verifying Signatures" CHARSET="UTF-8"
6) <div id="content" class="clearfix">
7)   <div id="breadcrumbs">

8)     <a href="<page index>">Home &raquo; </a>

9)     <a href="<page docs/verifying-signatures>">Verifying Signatures</a>
10)   </div>

11)   <div id="maincol">

12)     <h1>How to verify signatures for packages</h1>

13)     <hr>

14) 

15)     <h3>What is a signature and why should I check it?</h3>
16)     <hr>
17) 
18)     <p>How do you know that the Tor program you have is really the
19)     one we made? Many Tor users have very real adversaries who might
20)     try to give them a fake version of Tor &mdash; and it doesn't matter
21)     how secure and anonymous Tor is if you're not running the real Tor.</p>
22) 
23)     <p>An attacker could try a variety of attacks to get you to download
24)     a fake Tor. For example, he could trick you into thinking some other
25)     website is a great place to download Tor. That's why you should
26)     always download Tor from <b>https</b>://www.torproject.org/. The
27)     https part means there's encryption and authentication between your
28)     browser and the website, making it much harder for the attacker
29)     to modify your download. But it's not perfect. Some places in the

30)     world block the Tor website, making users try <a href="<page
31)     docs/faq>#GetTor">somewhere else</a>. Large

32)     companies sometimes force employees to use a modified browser,
33)     so the company can listen in on all their browsing. We've even <a
34)     href="https://blog.torproject.org/blog/diginotar-debacle-and-what-you-should-do-about-it">seen</a>
35)     attackers who have the ability to trick your browser into thinking
36)     you're talking to the Tor website with https when you're not.</p>
37) 
38)     <p>Some software sites list <a

39)     href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function">sha1

40)     hashes</a> alongside the software on their website, so users can
41)     verify that they downloaded the file without any errors. These
42)     "checksums" help you answer the question "Did I download this file
43)     correctly from whoever sent it to me?" They do a good job at making
44)     sure you didn't have any random errors in your download, but they
45)     don't help you figure out whether you were downloading it from the
46)     attacker. The better question to answer is: "Is this file that I
47)     just downloaded the file that Tor intended me to get?"</p>
48) 

49)     <h3>Where do I get the signatures and the keys that made them?</h3>
50)     <hr>

51)     <p>Each file on <a href="<page download/download>">our download

52)     page</a> is accompanied by a file with the same name as the
53)     package and the extension ".asc". These .asc files are GPG
54)     signatures. They allow you to verify the file you've downloaded
55)     is exactly the one that we intended you to get. For example,

56)     torbrowser-install-<version-torbrowserbundle>_en-US.exe is accompanied by
57)     torbrowser-install-<version-torbrowserbundle>_en-US.exe.asc. For a list

58)     of which developer signs which package, see our <a href="<page docs/signing-keys>">signing keys</a> page.</p>

59) 

60)     <p>We now show how you can verify the downloaded file's digital signature on
61)     different operating systems. Please notice that a signature is dated the moment

62)     the package has been signed. Therefore every time a new file is uploaded a new
63)     signature is generated with a different date. As long as you have verified the
64)     signature you should not worry that the reported date may vary.
65)     </p>
66) 

67)     <h3>Windows</h3>

68)     <hr>

69)     <p>You need to have GnuPG installed before
70)     you can verify signatures. Download it from <a

71)     href="https://gpg4win.org/download.html">https://gpg4win.org/download.html</a>.</p>

72)     <p>Once it's installed, use GnuPG to import the key that signed your
73)     package. Since GnuPG for Windows is a command-line tool, you will need

74)     to use <i>cmd.exe</i>. Unless you edit your PATH environment variable,
75)     you will need to tell Windows the full path to the GnuPG program. If
76)     you installed GnuPG with the default values, the path should be
77)     something like this: <i>C:\Program Files\Gnu\GnuPg\gpg.exe</i>.</p>

78)     <p>The Tor Browser team signs Tor Browser releases. Import its key

79)     (0x4E2C6E8793298290) by starting <i>cmd.exe</i> and typing:</p>

80)     <pre>"C:\Program Files\Gnu\GnuPg\gpg.exe" --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys 0x4E2C6E8793298290</pre>

81)     <p>After importing the key, you can verify that the fingerprint

82)     is correct:</p>

83)     <pre>"C:\Program Files\Gnu\GnuPg\gpg.exe" --fingerprint 0x4E2C6E8793298290</pre>

84)     <p>You should see:</p>
85)     <pre>

86)     pub   4096R/93298290 2014-12-15
87)           Key fingerprint = EF6E 286D DA85 EA2A 4BA7  DE68 4E2C 6E87 9329 8290
88)     uid                  Tor Browser Developers (signing key) <torbrowser@torproject.org>
89)     sub   4096R/F65C2036 2014-12-15
90)     sub   4096R/D40814E0 2014-12-15

91)     sub   4096R/C3C07136 2016-08-24

92) </pre>
93)     <p>To verify the signature of the package you downloaded, you will need
94)     to download the ".asc" file as well. Assuming you downloaded the
95)     package and its signature to your Desktop, run:</p>

96)     <pre>"C:\Program Files\Gnu\GnuPg\gpg.exe" --verify
97)     C:\Users\Alice\Desktop\torbrowser-install-<version-torbrowserbundle>_en-US.exe.asc
98)     C:\Users\Alice\Desktop\torbrowser-install-<version-torbrowserbundle>_en-US.exe</pre>

99)     <p>The output should say "Good signature": </p>
100)     <pre>

101)     gpg: Signature made Tue 24 Jan 2015 09:29:09 AM CET using RSA key ID D40814E0
102)     gpg: Good signature from "Tor Browser Developers (signing key) <torbrowser@torproject.org>"

103)     gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
104)     gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.

105)     Primary key fingerprint: EF6E 286D DA85 EA2A 4BA7  DE68 4E2C 6E87 9329 8290</pre>
106)     <p>Currently valid subkey fingerprints are:
107)     <pre>
108)     5242 013F 02AF C851 B1C7  36B8 7017 ADCE F65C 2036

109)     BA1E E421 BBB4 5263 180E  1FC7 2E1A C68E D408 14E0
110)     A430 0A6B C93C 0877 A445  1486 D148 3FA6 C3C0 7136</pre></p>

111)     <p>
112)     Notice that there is a warning because you haven't assigned a trust
113)     index to this person. This means that GnuPG verified that the key made
114)     that signature, but it's up to you to decide if that key really belongs
115)     to the developer. The best method is to meet the developer in person and
116)     exchange key fingerprints.
117)     </p>

118) 

119)     <h3>Mac OS X and Linux</h3>

120)     <hr>

121) 

122)     <p>You need to have GnuPG installed before you can verify

123)     signatures. If you are using Mac OS X, you can install it from <a

124)     href="https://www.gpgtools.org/">https://www.gpgtools.org/</a>. If you

125)     are using Linux, then it's probably you already have GnuPG in your
126)     system, as most Linux distributions come with it preinstalled.

127)     </p>

128) 

129)     <p>The next step is to use GnuPG to import the key that signed

130)     your package. The Tor Browser team signs Tor Browser releases. Import its

131)     key (0x4E2C6E8793298290) by starting the terminal (under "Applications"

132)     in Mac OS X) and typing:</p>

133) 

134)     <pre>gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys 0x4E2C6E8793298290</pre>

135) 

136)     <p>After importing the key, you can verify that the fingerprint
137)     is correct:</p>
138) 

139)     <pre>gpg --fingerprint 0x4E2C6E8793298290</pre>

140) 

141)     <p>You should see:</p>
142)     <pre>

143)     pub   4096R/93298290 2014-12-15
144)           Key fingerprint = EF6E 286D DA85 EA2A 4BA7  DE68 4E2C 6E87 9329 8290
145)     uid                  Tor Browser Developers (signing key) <torbrowser@torproject.org>
146)     sub   4096R/F65C2036 2014-12-15

147)     sub   4096R/D40814E0 2014-12-15
148)     sub   4096R/C3C07136 2016-08-24</pre>

149)     <p>To verify the signature of the package you downloaded, you will need
150)     to download the ".asc" file as well. Assuming you downloaded the

151)     package and its signature to your Downloads folder, run:</p>

152) 

153)     <strong>For Mac OS X users</strong>:<br />

154)     <pre>gpg --verify ~/Downloads/TorBrowser-<version-torbrowserbundleosx64>-osx64_en-US.dmg{.asc*,}</pre>
155) 

156)     <strong>For Linux users</strong> (change 64 to 32 if you have the 32-bit package):<br />

157)     <pre>gpg --verify tor-browser-linux64-<version-torbrowserbundlelinux64>_en-US.tar.xz.asc \

158)     tor-browser-linux64-<version-torbrowserbundlelinux64>_en-US.tar.xz</pre>

159) 

160)     <p>The output should say "Good signature":</p>

161) 

162)     <pre>

163)     gpg: Signature made Tue 24 Jan 2015 09:29:09 AM CET using RSA key ID D40814E0
164)     gpg: Good signature from "Tor Browser Developers (signing key) <torbrowser@torproject.org>"

165)     gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
166)     gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.

167)     Primary key fingerprint: EF6E 286D DA85 EA2A 4BA7  DE68 4E2C 6E87 9329 8290</pre> <p> Currently valid subkey fingerprints are:
168)     <pre>
169)     5242 013F 02AF C851 B1C7  36B8 7017 ADCE F65C 2036

170)     BA1E E421 BBB4 5263 180E  1FC7 2E1A C68E D408 14E0
171)     A430 0A6B C93C 0877 A445  1486 D148 3FA6 C3C0 7136</pre></p>

172)     <p>
173)     Notice that there is a warning because you haven't assigned a trust
174)     index to this person. This means that GnuPG verified that the key made
175)     that signature, but it's up to you to decide if that key really belongs
176)     to the developer. The best method is to meet the developer in person and
177)     exchange key fingerprints.
178)     </p>

179) 

180)     <p>
181)     If you're a Linux user and you're using the <b>Debian</b> Tor (not Tor
182)     Browser) packages, you should read the instructions on <a
183)     href="<page docs/debian>#packages">importing these keys to apt</a>.
184)     If you're using the <b>RPMs</b> (for Tor, not Tor Browser), you can
185)     manually verify the signatures on the RPM packages by
186)     <pre>rpm -K filename.rpm</pre>
187)     </p>

188) 
189)     <p>See <a

190)     href="https://www.gnupg.org/documentation/">https://www.gnupg.org/documentation/</a>

191)     to learn more about GnuPG.</p>
192) 
193)     <hr>

194) 

195)     <a id="BuildVerification"></a>
196)     <h3><a class="anchor" href="#BuildVerification">
197)     Verifying sha256sums (advanced)</a></h3>
198)     <hr>

199)     <p>Build reproducibility is a <a
200)        href="https://blog.torproject.org/blog/deterministic-builds-part-one-cyberwar-and-global-compromise">security

201)        property</a> of Tor Browser 3.0 and later. Anyone can build
202)        Tor Browser on their own machine and produce a binary that is
203)        bit-for-bit identical to the binary we offer on the download page.

204)        Fortunately, it is not necessary for everyone to build Tor Browser

205)        locally to get this security. Verifying and comparing the signed list
206)        of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash">hashes</a>
207)        will confirm that multiple people have built Tor Browsers

208)        identical to the download.</p>
209) 
210)       <p>The steps below walk through this process:</p>
211) 
212)     <ul>

213)       <li>Download the Tor Browser package, the <tt>sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt</tt>
214)       file, and the <tt>sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt.asc</tt> signature file.
215)       They can all be found in the same directory under
216)       <a href="https://www.torproject.org/dist/torbrowser/">

217)       https://www.torproject.org/dist/torbrowser/</a>, for example in '<version-torbrowserbundlelinux64>'
218)       for Tor Browser <version-torbrowserbundlelinux64>.</li>

219)       <li>In case your operating system is adding the .txt extension
220)       automatically to the SHA256 sums signature file strip it again by running
221)       <pre>mv sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt.asc.txt sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt.asc</pre>

222)       <li>Retrieve the signers' GPG keys. This can be done from the command
223)       line by entering something like

224)       <pre>gpg --keyserver keys.mozilla.org --recv-keys 0x4E2C6E8793298290</pre>
225)       (This will bring you the public part of the Tor Browser developers'

226)        signing key. Other developers' key IDs can be found on

227)       <a href="<page docs/signing-keys>">this

228)       page</a>.)</li>

229)       <li>Verify the sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt file by executing this
230)       command:
231)       <pre>gpg --verify sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt.asc sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt</pre></li>

232)       <li>You should see a message like "Good signature from &lt;DEVELOPER

233)       NAME&gt;". If you don't, there is a problem. Try these steps again.</li>

234)       <li>If you want to verify a Windows Tor Browser package you need to first

235)       strip off the authenticode signature of it. Tools that can be used for
236)       this purpose are <a href="http://osslsigncode.sourceforge.net">osslsigncode</a> and
237)       <a href="http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=416175">delcert.exe</a>.
238)       Assuming you have built e.g. <tt>osslsigncode</tt> on a Linux computer you can enter

239)       <pre>/path/to/your/osslsigncode remove-signature &#92;
240)         /path/to/your/&lt;TOR BROWSER FILE NAME&gt;.exe &lt;TOR BROWSER FILE NAME&gt;.exe</pre></li>

241)       <li>Now you can take the sha256sum of the Tor Browser package. On

242)       Windows you can use the <a href="http://md5deep.sourceforge.net/">
243)       hashdeep utility</a> and run
244)       <pre>C:\location\where\you\saved\hashdeep -c sha256sum &lt;TOR BROWSER FILE NAME&gt;.exe</pre>

245)       <p>On Linux you can run</p>
246)       <pre>sha256sum &lt;TOR BROWSER FILE NAME&gt;.tar.gz</pre>
247)       without having to download a utility. Note: this does not work for OS X
248)       yet due to Apple's codesigning requirement.</li>

249)       <li>You will see a string of letters and numbers.</li>

250)       <li>Open <tt>sha256sums-unsigned-build.txt</tt> in a text editor.</li>

251)       <li>Locate the name of the Tor Browser file you downloaded.</li>
252)       <li>Compare the string of letters and numbers to the left of your

253)       filename with the string of letters and numbers that appeared
254)       on your command line. If they match, you've successfully verified the
255)       build.</li>

256)     </ul>

257) 
258)     <p><a href="https://github.com/isislovecruft/scripts/blob/master/verify-gitian-builder-signatures">Scripts</a>

259)     to <a href="https://tor.stackexchange.com/questions/648/how-to-verify-tor-browser-bundle-tbb-3-x">automate</a>

260)     these steps have been written, but to use them you will need to modify

261)     them yourself with the latest Tor Browser filename.</p>

262) 
263)     <hr>
264) 
265)     <a id="MARVerification"></a>
266)     <h3><a class="anchor" href="#MARVerification">
267)     Verifying MAR files we ship (advanced)</a></h3>

268)     <hr>

269)     <p>Starting with Tor Browser 4.5a4 we sign our MAR files which helps
270)     securing our update process. The downside of this is the need for additional
271)     instructions to verify that the MAR files we ship are indeed the ones we
272)     produced with our Gitian setup.</p>
273) 
274)     <p>Assuming the verification happens on a Linux computer one first needs the
275)     <tt>mar-tools-linux*.zip</tt> out of the <tt>gitian-builder/inputs</tt>
276)     directory to remove the embedded signature(s). The steps to get the unsigned
277)     MAR file on a 64 bit Linux are</p>
278)     <pre>
279)     cd /path/to/MAR/file
280)     unzip /path/to/gitian-builder/inputs/mar-tools-linux64.zip

281)     export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/path/to/MAR/file/mar-tools

282)     mar-tools/signmar -r your-signed-mar-file.mar your-unsigned-mar-file.mar</pre>
283)     <p>Now you can compare the SHA256 sum of <tt>your-unsigned-mar-file.mar</tt>

284)     with the one provided in the <tt>sha265sums-unsigned-build.txt</tt> or
285)     <tt>sha256sums-unsigned-build.incremental.txt</tt> as outlined in
286)     <a href="#BuildVerification">Verifying sha256sums (advancded)</a> above.</p>

287) 

288)   </div>
289)   <!-- END MAINCOL -->
290)   <div id = "sidecol">
291) #include "side.wmi"
292) #include "info.wmi"
293)   </div>
294)   <!-- END SIDECOL -->
295) </div>
296) <!-- END CONTENT -->