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1) <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
2) "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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3) 
4) <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
5) <head>
6)   <title>Tor: Overview</title>
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7)   <meta name="Author" content="Roger Dingledine" />
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8)   <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
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9)   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" />
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10)   <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico" />
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11) </head>
12) 
13) <body>
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14) 
15) <!-- TITLE BAR & NAVIGATION -->
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16) 
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17) <div class="center">
18) 
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19) <table class="banner" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
20)     <tr>
21)         <td class="banner-left"></td>
22)         <td class="banner-middle">
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23)             <a href="index.html">Home</a>
24)           | <a class="current">Overview</a>
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25)           | <a href="download.html">Download</a>
26)           | <a href="documentation.html">Docs</a>
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27)           | <a href="support.html">Support</a>
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28)           | <a href="faq.html">FAQs</a>
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29)           | <a href="volunteer.html">Volunteer</a>
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30)           | <a href="developers.html">Developers</a>
31)           | <a href="research.html">Research</a>
32)           | <a href="people.html">People</a>
33)         </td>
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34)         <td class="banner-right">
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35)                 <a href="/"><img src="/images/en.png" alt="English" /></a>
36)                 <a href="/index.it.html"><img src="/images/it.png" alt="Italiano" /></a>
37)                 <a href="/index.de.html"><img src="/images/de.png" alt="Deutsch" /></a>
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38)         </td>
39) 
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40)     </tr>
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41) </table>
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42)  
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43) <!-- END TITLE BAR & NAVIGATION -->
44) 
45) <div class="main-column">
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46) 
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47) <h2>Tor: Overview</h2>
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48) <hr />
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49) 
50) <p>
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51) Tor is a network of virtual tunnels that allows people and groups to
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52) improve their privacy and security on the Internet.  It also enables
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53) software developers to create new communication tools
54) with built-in privacy features.  Tor provides the foundation for
55) a range of applications that allow organizations and individuals
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56) to share information over public networks without compromising their
57) privacy.
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58) </p>
59) 
60) <p>
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61) Individuals use Tor to keep websites from tracking them and their family
62) members, or to connect to news sites, instant messaging services, or the
63) like when these are blocked by their local Internet providers.  Tor's <a
64) href="http://tor.eff.org/doc/tor-hidden-service.html">hidden services</a>
65) let users publish web sites and other services without needing to reveal
66) the location of the site. Individuals also use Tor for socially sensitive
67) communication: chat rooms and web forums for rape and abuse survivors,
68) or people with illnesses.
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69) </p>
70) 
71) <p>
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72) Journalists use Tor to communicate more safely with whistleblowers and
73) dissidents. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) use Tor to allow their
74) workers to connect to their home website while they're in a foreign
75) country, without notifying everybody nearby that they're working with
76) that organization.
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77) </p>
78) 
79) <p>
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80) Groups such as Indymedia recommend Tor for safeguarding their members'
81) online privacy and security. Activist groups like the Electronic Frontier
82) Foundation (EFF) are supporting Tor's development as a mechanism for
83) maintaining civil liberties online. Corporations use Tor as a safe way
84) to conduct competitive analysis, and to protect sensitive procurement
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85) patterns from eavesdroppers. They also use it to replace traditional
86) VPNs, which reveal the exact amount and timing of communication. Which
87) locations have employees working late? Which locations have employees
88) consulting job-hunting websites? Which research divisions are communicating
89) with the company's patent lawyers?
90) </p>
91) 
92) <p>
93) A branch of the U.S. Navy uses Tor for open source intelligence
94) gathering, and one of its teams used Tor while deployed in the Middle
95) East recently. Law enforcement uses Tor for visiting or surveilling
96) web sites without leaving government IP addresses in their web logs,
97) and for security during sting operations.
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98) </p>
99) 
100) <p>
101) The variety of people who use Tor is actually <a
102) href="http://freehaven.net/doc/fc03/econymics.pdf">part of what makes
103) it so secure</a>.  Tor hides you among the other users on the network,
104) so the more populous and diverse the user base for Tor is, the more your
105) anonymity will be protected.
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106) </p>
107) 
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108) <h3>Why we need Tor</h3>
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109) 
110) <p>
111) Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance
112) known as "traffic analysis."  Traffic analysis can be used to infer
113) who is talking to whom over a public network.  Knowing the source
114) and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your
115) behavior and interests.  This can impact your checkbook if, for example,
116) an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or
117) institution of origin.  It can even threaten your job and physical safety
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118) by revealing who and where you are. For example, if you're travelling
119) abroad and you connect to your employer's computers to check or send mail,
120) you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional
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121) affiliation to anyone observing the network, even if the connection
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122) is encrypted.
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123) </p>
124) 
125) <p>
126) How does traffic analysis work?  Internet data packets have two parts:
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127) a data payload and a header used for routing.  The data payload is
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128) whatever is being sent, whether that's an email message, a web page, or an
129) audio file.  Even if you encrypt the data payload of your communications,
130) traffic analysis still reveals a great deal about what you're doing and,
131) possibly, what you're saying.  That's because it focuses on the header,
132) which discloses source, destination, size, timing, and so on.
133) </p>
134) 
135) <p>
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136) A basic problem for the privacy minded is that the recipient of your
137) communications can see that you sent it by looking at headers.  So can
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138) authorized intermediaries like Internet service providers, and sometimes
139) unauthorized intermediaries as well.  A very simple form of traffic
140) analysis might involve sitting somewhere between sender and recipient on
141) the network, looking at headers.
142) </p>
143) 
144) <p>
145) But there are also more powerful kinds of traffic analysis.  Some
146) attackers spy on multiple parts of the Internet and use sophisticated
147) statistical techniques to track the communications patterns of many
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148) different organizations and individuals.  Encryption does not help against
149) these attackers, since it only hides the content of Internet traffic, not
150) the headers.
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151) </p>
152) 
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153) <h3>The solution: a distributed, anonymous network</h3>
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154) 
155) <p>
156) Tor helps to reduce the risks of both simple and sophisticated traffic
157) analysis by distributing your transactions over several places on the
158) Internet, so no single point can link you to your destination.  The idea
159) is similar to using a twisty, hard-to-follow route in order to throw off
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160) somebody who is tailing you&mdash;and then periodically erasing your
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161) footprints.  Instead of taking a direct route from source to
162) destination, data packets on the Tor network take a random pathway
163) through several servers that cover your tracks so no observer at any
164) single point can tell where the data came from or where it's going.
165) </p>
166) 
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167) <img alt="Tor circuit step one" src="images/htw1.png" />
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168) 
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169) <p>
170) To create a private network pathway with Tor, the user's software or
171) client incrementally builds a circuit of encrypted connections through
172) servers on the network.  The circuit is extended one hop at a time, and
173) each server along the way knows only which server gave it data and which
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174) server it is giving data to.  No individual server ever knows the
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175) complete path that a data packet has taken.  The client negotiates a
176) separate set of encryption keys for each hop along the circuit to ensure
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177) that each hop can't trace these connections as they pass through.
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178) </p>
179) 
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180) <img alt="Tor circuit step two" src="images/htw2.png" />
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181) 
182) <p>
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183) Once a circuit has been established, many kinds of data can be exchanged
184) and several different sorts of software applications can be deployed
185) over the Tor network.  Because each server sees no more than one hop in
186) the circuit, neither an eavesdropper nor a compromised server can use
187) traffic analysis to link the connection's source and destination.  Tor
188) only works for TCP streams and can be used by any application with SOCKS
189) support.
190) </p>
191) 
192) <p>
193) For efficiency, the Tor software uses the same circuit for connections
194) that happen within the same minute or so.  Later requests are given a
195) new circuit, to keep people from linking your earlier actions to the new
196) ones.
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197) </p>
198) 
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199) <img alt="Tor circuit step three" src="images/htw3.png" />
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200) 
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201) <h3>Hidden services</h3>
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202) 
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203) <p>
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204) Tor also makes it possible for users to hide their locations while
205) offering various kinds of services, such as web publishing or an instant
206) messaging server.  Using Tor "rendezvous points," other Tor users can
207) connect to these hidden services, each without knowing the other's
208) network identity.  This hidden service functionality could allow Tor
209) users to set up a website where people publish material without worrying
210) about censorship.  Nobody would be able to determine who was offering
211) the site, and nobody who offered the site would know who was posting to it.
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212) </p>
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213) 
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214) <h3>Staying anonymous</h3>
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215) 
216) <p>
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217) Tor can't solve all anonymity problems.  It focuses only on
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218) protecting the transport of data.  You need to use protocol-specific
219) support software if you don't want the sites you visit to see your
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220) identifying information. For example, you can use web proxies such as
221) Privoxy while web browsing to block cookies and withhold information
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222) about your browser type.
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223) </p>
224) 
225) <p>
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226) Also, to protect your anonymity, be smart.  Don't provide your name
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227) or other revealing information in web forms.  Be aware that, like all
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228) anonymizing networks that are fast enough for web browsing, Tor does not
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229) provide protection against end-to-end timing attacks: If your attacker
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230) can watch the traffic coming out of your computer, and also the traffic
231) arriving at your chosen destination, he can use statistical analysis to
232) discover that they are part of the same circuit.
233) </p>
234) 
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235) <h3>The future of Tor</h3>
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236) 
237) <p>
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238) Providing a usable anonymizing network on the Internet today is an
239) ongoing challenge. We want software that meets users' needs. We also
240) want to keep the network up and running in a way that handles as many
241) users as possible. Security and usability don't have to be at odds:
242) As Tor's usability increases, it will attract more users, which will
243) increase the possible sources and destinations of each communication,
244) thus increasing security for everyone.
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245) We're making progress, but we need your help.  Please consider
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246) <a href="/cvs/tor/doc/tor-doc-server.html">running a server</a>
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247) or <a href="volunteer.html">volunteering</a> as a <a
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248) href="developers.html">developer</a>.
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249) </p>
250) 
251) <p>
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252) Ongoing trends in law, policy, and technology threaten anonymity as never
253) before, undermining our ability to speak and read freely online. These
254) trends also undermine national security and critical infrastructure by
255) making communication among individuals, organizations, corporations,
256) and governments more vulnerable to analysis. Each new user and server
257) provides additional diversity, enhancing Tor's ability to put control
258) over your security and privacy back into your hands.
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259) </p>
260) 
261)   </div><!-- #main -->
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262) </div>
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263)   <div class="bottom" id="bottom">
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264)      <i><a href="mailto:tor-webmaster@freehaven.net" class="smalllink">Webmaster</a></i> -
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265)      $Id$
266)   </div>